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Integrism (Spain)
Integrism was a Spanish political philosophy of the late 19th and early 20th century. Rooted in ultraconservative Catholic groupings like Neo-Catholics or Carlists, the Integrists represented the most right-wing formation of the Restoration political spectrum. Their vision discarded religious tolerance and embraced a state constructed along strictly Catholic lines; the Integrists opposed Liberalism and parliamentarian system, advocating an accidentalist organic regime. Led first by Ramón Nocedal Romea and then by Juan Olazábal Ramery they were active as a political structure named Partido Católico Nacional (also known as Partido Integrista), but the group retained influence mostly thanks to an array of periodicals, headed by the Madrid-based ''El Siglo Futuro''. Though Integrism enjoyed some momentum when it formally emerged in the late 1880s, it was soon reduced to a third-rate political force and eventually amalgamated within Carlism in the early 1930s.
==Origins==
The role of religion and the Roman Catholic Church has been a point of heated political debate in Spain since the Napoleonic era, with waves of secularization and de-secularization following each other as the country was undergoing a half-century long, turbulent period of political instability.〔for an overview see Stanley G. Payne, ''Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview'', Madison 1984, ISBN 0299098044, 9780299098049, especially the chapter ''The Challenge of Liberalism'', pp. 71-96; detailed discussion in Charles Patrick Foley, ''The Catholic-liberal struggle and the Church in Spain, 1834-76'' (thesis ), University of New Mexico 1983〕 During declining years of the Isabelline monarchy of the 1860s different breeds of Liberalism sought to curtail the position of the Church still further.〔Payne 1984, pp. 93-96〕 They were most vehemently opposed by two political groupings, both considered Integrist predecessors.
The so-called neocatólicos was an intellectual movement initiated during the early Isabelline years;〔Begoña Urigüen, ''Orígenes y evolución de la derecha española: el neo-catolicismo'', Madrid 1986, ISBN 8400061578, 978840006157〕 its founding fathers, Juan Donoso Cortés and Jaime Balmes, tried to accommodate orthodox Catholicism within a framework of the liberal monarchy.〔Urigüen 1986, p. 54〕 With leaders like Antonio Aparisi, Cándido Nocedal, Francisco Navarro Villoslada, Gabino Tejado and Ramón Vinader,〔José Luis Orella Martínez, ''El origen del primer catolicismo social español'' (thesis at Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia ), Madrid 2012, p. 35〕 in the 1860s the neos strove to save the crumbling rule of Isabel II by building a grand, ultraconservative Catholic party.〔Urigüen 1986, p. 280〕 Their project crashed during the Glorious Revolution of 1868; in the early 1870s they concluded that the Liberal sway can no longer be confronted by constitutional monarchy and that a more radical response is needed.〔Urigüen 1986, p. 285〕
Carlism emerged as an ultraconservative, anti-liberal and fanatically Catholic opposition to the Isabelline monarchy.〔there is massive historiography on Carlism. For an iconic sample of a synthesis presenting an orthodox Carlist viewpoint see Román Oyarzun Oyarzun, ''Historia del carlismo'', Madrid 2008, ISBN 8497614488, 9788497614481; the period up to the 1860s is treated on pages 5-282. For two samples of scholarly synthesis (pursuing opposite views of Carlism and both highly criticised) see José Carlos Clemente, ''El Carlismo: historia de una disidencia social (1833–1976)'', Madrid 1990, ISBN 8434410923, 9788434410923 and Jordi Canal i Morell, ''El carlismo: dos siglos de contrarrevolución en España'', Madrid 2000, ISBN 8420639478, 9788420639475〕 Advocating the dynastic claim of another Borbón branch, the Carlists, nominally led by successive claimants, repeatedly attempted to overthrow Isabel II by means of military insurgence.〔for the historiography of the Carlist wars see María Cruz Rubio Liniers, María Talavera Díaz, ''Bibliografías de Historia de España'', vol. 13: ''El carlismo'', Madrid 2012, ISBN 8400090136, 9788400090135; for the First Carlist War see pp. 130-152, for the Second Carlist War see pp. 152-154〕 Unlike the neos, from the onset they refused to accept the rules of constitutional monarchy and advocated the regime of a pre-modern kingdom. The Carlist ideology, though also very much centered on religion, was not exclusively focused on it; their ideario also comprised the defense of traditional regional establishments and dynastic claims.〔works on Carlist ideology and the Church are listed in Rubio Liniers, Talavera Díaz 2012, pp. 93-98〕 While neos remained mostly a group of urban intellectuals, Carlism was powered by popular rural Catholicism, which dominated some regions of Spain.〔for a bibliography on the social basis of Carlism see Rubio Liniers, Talavera Díaz 2012, pp. 100-112〕
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